NEURAPID (2014-2016)
NESCOFI@BTF (2011-2013)
NESCOFI@BTF stands for NEutron Spectrometry in COmples Fields. BTF refers to the Beam Test facility of the INFN-LNF, where a photoneutron beam can be produced and is used from the project for detector testing.
- Project duration: 2011-2013
- Responsible: Roberto Bedogni (INFN-LNF)
- Paertecipants: Bedogni Roberto (INFN-LNF), Bortot Davide (Politecnico di Milano), Buonomo Bruno (INFN-LNF), Esposito Adolfo (INFN-LNF), Gentile Alfonso (INFN-LNF), Gomez Ros Jose Maria (CIEMAT Madrid (Spagna)), Introini Maria Vittoria (Politecnico di Milano), Mazzitelli Giovanni (INFN-LNF), Pola Andrea (Politecnico di Milano)
Index
- 1. Project Gool
- 2. Physics Activities
- 3. Collaboration Tasks
- 4. Innovation
- 5. Publications
- 6. Talks
- 7. Final User
- 8. Meetings
- 9. International Review Pannel
- 10. INFN Review Pannel
- 11. Reference
1. Project Goal
NESCOFI@BTF started in 2011 with the aim of developing innovative neutron sensitive instruments for the spectrometric and dosimetric characterization of neutron fields, intentionally produced or present as parasitic effects, in particle accelerators used in industry, research and medical fields. Neutron spectra in these fields range from thermal (1E-8 MeV) to tens or hundreds MeV, thus spanning over more than 10 decades in energy.
To date, the multi-sphere spectrometer (or Bonner Sphere spectrometer) is the only existing device having the capability to simultaneously determine all energy components over such a large energy interval. The main disadvantage of this spectrometer is the need to sequentially expose a considerable number (usually more than 10) of detector+moderator configurations, thus leading to time-consuming irradiation sessions.
The idea behind NESCOFI is to provide real-time spectrometers able to simultaneously provide all energy components in a single irradiation. These could be employed for:
- Monitoring the neutron fields in terms of energy-integrated neutron flux and spectral neutron flux in energy intervals of interest.
- Active real-time control of possible deviations from nominal field properties and of possible modifications induced by materials introduced in the radiation field (samples, materials to be irradiated, patients to be treated).
The final users of the NESCOFI products will be a variety of facilities interested to monitor not only the intensity of a neutron beam, but also its energy and/or direction distribution (chip-irradiation, material science neutron beam-lines, reference neutron fields, research and cancer therapy facilities).
The basic idea behind the project is to exploit the moderation of neutrons in hydrogenated materials, as extensively done in Bonner Sphere spectrometers, but new designs and computational methods have been introduced. Particularly, instead of estimating the neutron energy distribution by exposing different detector+moderator configurations, this project aims at a single moderator embedding several "direct reading" thermal neutron detectors at different positions. The energy or angle distribution of the neutron field will be obtained using unfolding algorithms relying on the device response matrix and on the reading of the different detectors. This "unfolding" problem has a number of analogies with the spectrum reconstruction with Bonner Sphere spectrometers, for which a special code called FRUIT (FRascati Unfolding Interactive Tools) was developed at LNF.
The NESCOFI project planned to be completed in three years (2011-2013), organized as follows: 2011:
- optimization (via Monte Carlo simulation) of the spectrometer geometry and development of a prototype working with passive detectors
- establishment of reference neutron fields for testing purposes:
- the photo-neutron beam from the n@BTF facility at the LNF;
- the neutron fields from medical facilities.
- 2012: Development of suitable "direct reading" (or active) thermal neutron detectors to be embedded in the final spectrometers
- 2013: Establishment and calibration of the final spectrometers
Back Home
2. Physics Activities
2.1 - Year 2011
2.1.1 Achievements of the first year (2011)
Identifying, measuring and establishing suitable neutron fields for the future testing needs of the NESCOFI@BTF project purposes during 2012 and 2013:
- the n@BTF photo-neutron beam at the LNF [1] The photo-neutron beam produced in the n@BTF facility was completely simulated, using the Monte Carlo codes FLUKA and MCNPX, and experimentally standardized using a Bonner sphere spectrometer equipped with Dysprosium activation foils and the FRUIT unfolding code [2, 3]. In terms of total neutron fluence, the yield is (8.2 0.2) 10-7 cm-2 per incident electron at the reference position (90 direction, 120 cm from the target). Achievable fast neutron flux may be as high as 10^4 cm-2 s-1.
To ensure accurate monitoring of the neutron beam for the NESCOFI testing needs, in terms of either the neutron flux or its directional distribution, a pair of long counters have been set up at different angles from the neutron-emitting target.
- the neutron fields induced in human tissue-equivalent phantoms from therapeutic beams. These represent the hadron-therapy radiation environments where the NESCOFI@BTF products could operate in future [4, 5, 6].
- Improving and enhancing the existing spectrometric techniques to provide reliable terms of comparisons for the NESCOFI@BTF new instruments [7, 8, 9]
Back Home
2.1.2 Study and optimization of the geometry of the prototype spectrometers [10, 11, 12]
A simulation campaign was done to identify the appropriate moderator dimension and internal distribution of the thermal neutron detectors. The resulting design, called SP^2 (SPherical SPectrometer), has spherical shape and embeds 37 or 31 (according to the version, low-Energy or High-Energy respectively) thermal neutron detectors. The detector positions are symmetrically positioned along the three perpendicular axes.
Because this stage has the purpose of optimizing the geometry, the prototypes were equipped with well-established passive detectors (Dysprosium activation foils). Active thermal neutron detectors, under development during the current year 2012, will replace the passive detectors in the final spectrometer.
- Publications Ref. [10, 11, 12] describe the mentioned studies and demonstrate the spectrometric capability of the prototypes.
- Low-Energy SP^2 [10, 11]: The prototype is a 30 cm polyethylene sphere embedding 37 measurement positions. It has spectrometric capability from thermal neutrons up to 20 MeV.
- High-E SP^2 [12]: The assembly has 25 cm diameter and includes 31 measurement positions. It includes a 1 cm lead shell having inner diameter 3.5 cm. This acts as (n,xn) degrader and allows extending the energy interval of the response up to hundreds of MeV neutrons. Both low-E and high-E versions have been fabricated and tested in neutron field with well-known energy distribution (See Section 3).
Back Home
2.1.3 Testing the experimental prototype spectrometers
These tests were aimed at experimentally confirming the device response matrix, previously determined with Monte Carlo codes.
The prototype Low-Energy SP^2 [10, 11], equipped with Dy activation foils, was tested neutron fields previously characterized by a well-known Bonner Sphere spectrometers.
These fields are: 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV mono-chromatic neutrons (available at FNG, ENEA Frascati) and a photo-neutron field produced in a 15 MV medical Linac.
The experimental results confirm that:
- the device has spectrometric capability and similar performance as the well-known Bonner Sphere spectrometer, but with the notable advantage of requiring a single exposure.
- The response matrix of the device, determined with Monte Carlo simulation codes, is known with very limited uncertainty (3% in terms of overall error).
The prototype High-Energy SP^2 [12], equipped with Dy activation foils, was tested in calibration neutron fields at:
- PTB Braunschweig (monoenergetic fields at 144 keV, 565 keV, 1.2 MeV, 5 MeV, 14.8 MeV)
- TSL Uppsala (quasi monoenergetic fields at 50, 100, 150 and 180 MeV plus ANITA, a white spectrum with end point at 180 MeV).
The analysis of these data are currently under elaboration, but preliminary results show that the experimental and the calculated responses generally differ by less than 5% for all energies.
The PTB and TSL experiments have been partially supported by EU FP7 ERINDA 2011 program (PAC 1/3 and PAC 1/8).
Back Home
2.2 - Year 2012
2.3 - Year 2013
3. Collaboration Tasks and External Funds
3.1 - Year 2011
- A.O. Universitaria Pisana - Ospedale S. Chiara, Via Bonanno Pisano, Pisa Providing the 15 MV medical linac for low-E SP^2 testing
- ENEA C.R. Frascati Providing the 2.5 MeV and 14.2 MeV monoenergetic neutron beams from FNG for experimental tests
- UAB Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Participation in the PTB and TSL experiments: Determination of room-scatter correction factors needed for SP^2 data analysis
- CIEMAT Madrid (Spain) Monte Carlo simulations are done in the 104 parallelized nuclei EULER cluster of CIEMAT
- Politecnico di Milano Development of the electronics needed for active detectors and design of the integrated 2-channel and 8-channel boards.
- CRISP project, INFN-LNF. Joint efforts in identifying and providing neutron-converter compounds
3.2 - Year 2012
- EU FP7 Erinda Program: 2.5 Ke (instrument shipment) + 35 beam hours at TSL for project PAC 3/9 - 2012
- CIEMAT Madrid 35,000 equiv-hours CPU time on EULER cluster
- CRISP (INFN-LNF): 12 ke (neutron converters, trips exp. campaigns)
- Politecnico di Milano 6 ke (trips at experimental campaigns) + support for electronics design and testing
- Ospedale San Camillo: usage of 15 MV electron LINAC
- LNF support: Beam-time (one week) at n@BTF; 2 man*months at mechanical workshop; Guest-house: 30 man*nights; Experiments for detector fabrication and characterization performed at FISMEL laboratories.
3.3 - Year 2013
- CIEMAT Madrid: 35,000 equiv-hours CPU time on EULER cluster. A contract for building a dedicated SP2 for CIEMAT is under elaboration.
- CRISP (INFN-LNF): 6 k€ (detectors, trips exp. campaigns)
- Politecnico di Milano 3 k€ (trips at experimental campaigns) + support for electronics design and testing
- Sevilla Universiy: 6 k€ co-funding for parallelization of the TNRD fro medical sector.
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forianini (Roma) and Ospedale Santa Maria delle Croci (Ravenna): usage of 15 MV electron LINACs
- LNF support:
- 2 man*month at mechanical workshop
- Guest-house: 30 man*night
- Experiments for detector fabrication and characterization performed at FISMEL laboratories
Back Home
4. Innovation
The activity performed during 2011 allowed developing an innovative design for neutron spectrometers, consisting in a single moderating sphere embedding a number of thermal neutron detectors symmetrically located along the three orthogonal axes. The sphere can be made of polyethylene (30 cm diameter, 37 measurement positions) or polyethylene + lead (25 cm diameter, 31 measurement positions), according to the energy interval to be measured. See Section 2, "Physics activities".
This design has the capability of simultaneously determine all energy components of the neutron field (as the well-known Bonner Sphere spectrometer), BUT in a single exposure.
In 2013 the passive detectors will be replaced by active thermal neutron detectors (active detectors are under study in current year 2012). The resulting instrument will be a real-time spectrometer able to simultaneously provide all energy components in a single irradiation. This is an absolute innovation in neutron measurements.
The final users of the NESCOFI products will be a variety of facilities interested to monitor not only the intensity of a neutron beam, but also and simultaneously- its energy and/or direction distribution (chip-irradiation, material science neutron beam-lines, reference neutron fields, research and cancer therapy facilities).
Back Home
5. Publications
Year 2011
- 2011-1 Bedogni R, Esposito A, Gentile A, Angelone M, Pillon M. Comparing active and passive Bonner Sphere Spectrometers in the 2.5 MeV quasi mono-energetic neutron field of the ENEA Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG). RADIAT. MEAS. 46 (2011) 1757-1760.
- 2011-2 Gomez-Ros JM, Bedogni R, Palermo I, Esposito A, Delgado A, Angelone M, Pillon M. Design and validation of a photon insensitive multidetector neutron spectrometer based on Dysprosium activation foils. RADIAT. MEAS. 46 (2011) 1712-1715.
- 2011-3 R. Bedogni, L. Quintieri, B. Buonomo, A. Esposito, G. Mazzitelli, L. Foggetta, J.M. Gomez-Ros, Design and validation of a photon insensitive multidetector neutron spectrometer based on Dysprosium activation foils Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 659 (2011) 373-37.
- 2011-4 Amgarou K, Bedogni R, Domingo C, Esposito A, Gentile A, Carinci G, Russo S, Measurement of the neutron fields produced by a 62 MeV proton beam on a PMMA phantom using extended range Bonner sphere spectrometers. NUCL INSTRUM METH A, 654 (2011) 399-405.
- 2011-5 Angelone M, Batistoni P, Bedogni R, Chiti M, Gentile A, Esposito A, Pillon M, Villari R. Mixed n-gamma fields dosimetry at low doses by means of different solid state dosimeters. RADIAT. MEAS. 46 (2011) 1737-1740.
- 2011-6 R. Bedogni. Neutron spectrometry with Bonner Spheres for area monitoring in particle accelerators. RADIAT. PROT. DOSIM. 146 (2011) 383-394.
- 2011-7 Angelone M, Pillon M, Prestopino G, Marinelli M, Milani E, Verona C, Verona-Rinati G, Aielli G, Cardarelli R, Santonico R, Bedogni R, Esposito A. Thermal and fast neutron dosimetry using artificial single crystal diamond detectors. RADIAT. MEAS. 46 (2011) 1686-1689.
Year 2012
- 2012-1 R. Bedogni, K. Amgarou, C. Domingo, S. Russo, G.A.P. Cirrone, M. Pelliccioni, A. Esposito, A. Pola, M.V. Introini. Experimental characterization of the neutron spectra generated by a 62 AMeV carbon beam on a PMMA phantom by means of extended range Bonner sphere spectrometers. NIM A 681 (2012) 110-115.
- 2012-2 R. Bedogni, C. Domingo, M. J. Garcia Fuste, M. de-San-Pedro, A. Esposito, A. Gentile, L. Tana, F. d'Errico, R. Ciolini, A. Di Fulvio. >Calibration of neutron sensitive devices in the neutron field produced in the treatment room of a medical LINAC. Radiation Measurements (2012), doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.04.009.
- 2012-3 J. M. Gomez-Ros, R. Bedogni, M. Moraleda, A. Esposito, A. Pola, M.V. Introini, G. Mazzitelli, L. Quintieri, B. Buonomo. Designing an extended energy range single-sphere multi-detector neutron spectrometer. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 677 (2012) 4-9.
- 2012-4 R. Bedogni, J. M. Gomez-Ros, A. Esposito, A. Gentile, M. Chiti, L. Palacios-Perez, M. Angelone, L. Tana. Workplace testing of the new single sphere neutron spectrometer based on Dysprosium activation foils (Dy-SSS). NIM A 684 (2012) 105-108.
- 2012-5 R. Bedogni, A. Esposito Experimental study for improving the angle dependence of the response of PADC-based personal neutron dosemeters. Radiation Measurements (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.10.005
- 2012-6 F. Sanchez-Doblado; C. Domingo; F. Gomez; B. Sanchez-Nieto; J.L. Muniz; M.J. Garcia-Fuste; M.R. Exposito, R. Barquero; G. Hartmann; J.A. Terron; J. Pena; R. Mendez; F. Gutierrez; F.X. Guerre; J. Rosello; L. Nunez; L.Brualla-Gonzalez; F. Manchado; A. Lorente; E. Gallego; R. Capote; D. Planes; J.I. Lagares; X. Gonzalez-Soto; F. Sansaloni; R. Colmenares; K. Amgarou; E. Morales; R. Bedogni; J.P. Cano; F. Fernandez. Estimation of neutron-equivalent dose in organs of patients undergoing radiotherapy by the use of a novel online digital detector. Phys. Med. Biol.57,pp. 6167 - 6191.2012.
- 2012-7 S. Agosteo; R. Bedogni; M. Caresana; N. Charitonidis; M. Chiti; A. Esposito; M. Ferrarini; C. Severino; M. Silari. Characterization of Extended Range Bonner Sphere Spctrometers in the CERF high-energy broad neutron field at CERN. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A.694, pp. 55 - 68.2012
- 2012-8 L. Quintieri; R. Bedogni; B. Buonomo; A. Esposito; M. De Giorgi; G. Mazzitelli; P. Valente; J. M. Gomez-Ros. Photoneutron source by high energy electrons on high Z target: comparison between Monte Carlo codes and experimental data. Fusion Science and Technology.61,pp. 314 - 321.2012.
Year 2013
Back Home
6. Talks
- Bedogni R. 25th International Conference on Nuclear Tracsk in Solids, Puebla (MX) 04-09 Sept. 2011. Calibration of neutron sensitive devices in the neutron field produced in the treatment room of a medical LINAC.
- Bedogni R. 25th International Conference on Nuclear Tracsk in Solids, Puebla (MX) 04-09 Sept. 2011. Experimental study for improving the angle dependence of the response of PADC PNDs
- 12th NEUTRON AND ION DOSIMETRY SYMPOSIUM (NEUDOS-12) Aix en Provence (3-7 June 2013)
- Orals in Plenary session:
- Development of single-exposure, multi-detector neutron spectrometers: the NESCOFI@BTF project
- Neutron spectrometry and dosimetry at the iThemba protontherapy facility
- Neutron energy spectra from a Be(p,xn) source for fission yield measurements
- Comparison of unfolding codes for neutron spectrometry with Bonner spheres
- Posters:
- A NEW ACTIVE THERMAL NEUTRON DETECTOR DEVELOPED WITHIN THE NESCOFI@BTF PROJECT
- USE OF COMPACT THERMAL NEUTRON SENSORS FOR MODERATOR-BASED NEUTRON SPECTROMETERS
- A RECOIL-PROTON SPECTROMETER BASED ON A MONOLITHIC SILICON TELESCOPE: PRELIMINARY STUDY OF A NOVEL CONFIGURATION FOR DIRECT NEUTRON SPECTROMETRY
- 3 congreso conjunto SEFM 19 - SEPR 14 18-21 June 0213, Caceres, Spain
- Invited talk: Nuevos instrumentos para espectrometría neutrónica en tiempo real
- Poster: Use of a newly developed thermal neutron detector for in-phantom measurements in a medical linac
- Giornata di studio su IRIDE 10-11 June 2013, LNF
- Invited: Neutron spectrometry from eV to GeV at neutron beam-lines: the NESCOFI@BTF project
- Workshop HeRe in Italy 2-3 Dec. 2013, ENEA Frascati
- Invited: Developing new instruments for real-time neutron spectrometry from thermal to GeV
Back Home
7. Final User
Because the project aims at developing a real-time neutron spectrometers able to simultaneously provide all energy components from thermal up to 1 GeV (12 decades in energy) in a single irradiation, the potential final users of the NESCOFI products will be a variety of facilities interested to monitor not only the intensity of a neutron beam, but also and simultaneously- its energy and/or direction distribution. The field of applications will be: research particle accelerators, chip irradiation and material science neutron facilities (spallation sources: ISIS, TSL, SNS), nuclear reactors and fuel processing/fabrication plants, radiotherapy medical facilities.
Back Home
8. Meetings
Back Home
9. International Review Pannel
Prof. Carles Domingo, Profesor Titular of the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, UAB Head of the Neutron Measurement group of the UAB carles.domingo@uab.cat
Prof. Francisco Sanchez Doblado, Profesor Catedratico of the Universidad de Sevilla, Head of the Physiology Department. paco@us.es
Download the 2012 mid Year Report of the International Review Panel Link to files Review1 & Review2
Download the 2013 mid Year Report of the International Review Panel Link to files Review1 & Review2
Back Home
10. INFN Review Pannel
- Prof. Carla Andreani, Universita di Tor Vergata (Roma)
- Dr. Paolo Milazzo (INFN Trieste)
- Dr. Marco Cavenago (INFN LNL)
2011 funding report
L'esperimento si propone di sviluppare rivelatori neutronici sensibili anche all'energia e di interessante concezione. Incidono purtroppo sui costi dell'esperimento il costo di utilizzo di fasci presso altri laboratori, per cui in attesa di soluzioni piu' generali, temporaneamente si finanzia un set di misure delle due richieste nel 2011.
2012 funding report
L'esperimento si propone di realizzare rivelatori di neutroni sensibili anche all'energia e di interessante concezione e procede secondo i programmi. La tematica e' di estremo interesse e pertinenza e si apprezza l'attivita' finora svolta. Si finanzia l'esperimento in sostanziale continuita' col precedente anno
2013 funding report
Attivita 2012: Il programma di ricerca portato a termine nella prima meta dell'anno dalla collaborazione NESCOFI@BTF e' perfettamente in linea con la programmazione prevista. In particolare il punto discriminante, che riguarda il completamento del calcolo della matrice di risposta del CYSP, e' stato completamente definito. In conseguenza di cio' il lavoro previsto per il terzo ed ultimo anno di questa sigla risulta ben indirizzato. La collaborazione e' stata in grado di attirare altre fonti di finanziamento (contributi dal Politecnico di Milano, dai LNF, da fondi europei (ERINDA)). Va riconosciuto alla collaborazione la capacita' sia di essersi ben inserita nelle attivita' locali dei LNF, sia di aver acquisito valenza internazionale con il riconoscimento del lavoro svolto da parte di un review panel ad hoc costituito.
Programma attivita' 2013: Il 2013 dovrebbe essere dedicato alla finalizzazione del progetto con la realizzazione dei prototipi degli spettrometri. In realta' la produzione di entrambi gli spettrometri previsti risulta vincolata dalle disponibilita' economiche della Commissione, dato che il piano di spesa e' di 102 keuro. Le voci di spesa piu' importanti riguardano consumo e inventario. Un contributo da parte dei LNF sarebbe fortemente auspicabile.
Conclusioni
- Il programma di ricerca a' oltre le aspettative (nonostante la carenza di finanziamenti ottenuti) e promette di consegnare a fine lavori i prototipi previsti.
- Le richieste economiche costituiscono il limite piu' importante alla realizzazione del progetto.
Back Home
11. Thesis
Back Home
Reference
- [1] R. Bedogni, L. Quintieri, B. Buonomo, A. Esposito, G. Mazzitelli, L. Foggetta, J.M. Gomez-Ros, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 659 (2011) 373-377.
- [2] Bedogni, R., Domingo, C., Esposito, A., Fernandez, F., 2007. FRUIT: an operational tool for multisphere neutron spectrometry in workplaces. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 580, 1301 1309.
- [3] Bedogni, R., Pelliccioni, M., Esposito, A., 2010. A parametric model to describe neutron spectra around high-energy electron accelerators and its application in neutron spectrometry with Bonner Spheres. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 615, 78-82.
- [4] Amgarou K, Bedogni R, Domingo C, Esposito A, Gentile A, Carinci G, Russo S, Measurement of the neutron fields produced by a 62 MeV proton beam on a PMMA phantom using extended range Bonner sphere spectrometers. NUCL INSTRUM METH A, 654-1, (2011)
- [5] R. Bedogni, K. Amgarou, C. Domingo, S. Russo, G.A.P. Cirrone, M. Pelliccioni, A. Esposito, A. Pola, M.V. Introini. Experimental characterization of the neutron spectra generated by a 62 AMeV carbon beam on a PMMA phantom by means of extended range Bonner sphere spectrometers. NIM A, submitted manuscript.
- [6] R. Bedogni, C. Domingo, M. J. Garcia Fuste, M. de-San-Pedro, A. Esposito, A. Gentile, L. Tana, F. d'Errico, R. Ciolini, A. Di Fulvio. Calibration of neutron sensitive devices in the neutron field produced in the treatment room of a medical LINAC. Radiat. Meas., submitted manuscript.
- [7] Bedogni R, Esposito A, Gentile A, Angelone M, Pillon M. Comparing active and passive Bonner Sphere Spectrometers in the 2.5 MeV quasi mono-energetic neutron field of the ENEA Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG). RADIAT MEAS, 46-12, (2011)
- [8] Angelone M, Batistoni P, Bedogni R, Chiti M, Gentile A, Esposito A, Pillon M, Villari R. Mixed n-gamma fields dosimetry at low doses by means of different solid state dosimeters. RADIAT MEAS, 46-12, (2011).
- [9] Angelone M, Pillon M, Prestopino G, Marinelli M, Milani E, Verona C, Verona-Rinati G, Aielli G, Cardarelli R, Santonico R, Bedogni R, Esposito A. Thermal and fast neutron dosimetry using artificial single crystal diamond detectors. RADIAT MEAS, 46-12, (2011).
- [10] Gomez-Ros JM, Bedogni R, Palermo I, Esposito A, Delgado A, Angelone M, Pillon M. Design and validation of a photon insensitive multidetector neutron spectrometer based on Dysprosium activation foils. RADIAT MEAS, 46-12, (2011).
- [11] J. M. Gomez-Ros, R. Bedogni, M. Moraleda, A. Esposito, A. Pola, M.V. Introini, G. Mazzitelli, L. Quintieri, B. Buonomo. Designing an extended energy range single-sphere multi-detector neutron spectrometer. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 677 (2012) 4-9.
- [12] R. Bedogni, J. M. Gomez-Ros, A. Esposito, A. Romero, M. Angelone. Calibration and workplace testing of a single-sphere multi-detector neutron spectrometer. NIM A, submitted manuscript.
Back Home